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General Rules
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Capitals:
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Group of sounds or abbreviations (se symbols below and Phonology: Overview.)
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Lower case, bold
(main text):
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Actual sounds (parts of the alphabet)
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Lower case, expanded
(in main text):
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Emphasis
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Lower case
(in paradigms):
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Actual sounds (parts of the alphabet), bold
used for emphasis
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YX
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X which have the property Y;
e.g. KE = consonant ending, for 1K
and 2K though, see below (Root description)
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X/Y
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X and Y (position unimportant)
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(X, Y)
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X and Y (position important)
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X ∨ Y
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X or Y (position often important)
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X:Y
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Y qualified by X
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Y:X
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X qualified by Y
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[X]
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X is optional
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{X}
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Usually/often ... X
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¬X
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Not X
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All symbols as used in English are to be seen
as indeclinables and therefore are not declined with plural s etc.
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CS
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Classical sanskrit as described by Pāṇini et. al.
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>
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Always becomes
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<
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Derivesfrom
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⊃
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Usually
∨ often ∨
sometimes etc. becomes
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*
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Denotes theoretical form that is not part of
or found in the language
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[H]t
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t ∨ th
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_
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Hiatus (seldom used)
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√
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Verbal root ∨ in the syntax section: verb.
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∅
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The empty set
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G
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Guṇa of a vowel (se table at Phonology: Overview)
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V
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vṛddhi of a vowel (se table Phonology: Overview)
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S
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Stem
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SS
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Strong stem
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WS
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Weak stem
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sg
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Singular
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du
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Dual
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pl
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Plural
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Px
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Prefix
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In
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Infix
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Su
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Suffix
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S
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Stem
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E
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Ending
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F
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Form (a full word with a, Px, √, S, In, Su
and/or E as needed)
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α
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Simple ∨ monosyllabic
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δ
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Non-simple ∨ double
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αF
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Monosyllabic word
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δK
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Consonant cluster with 2 or more consonants
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αK
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Simple consonant
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δA
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Diphthong
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αA
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Simple vowel (i.e. all vowels except the
diphthongs)
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Sandhi
+ in the rules denotes where the contact
between the phonems occurs.
… [H] …
> … [H] … means that if and only if the former phonem is
aspirated then the latter phonem is also aspirated.
Index
How the row index is
used is best showed by an example:
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ḥ∨ r
+ ¬OSi
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>
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Śi
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¬OSi
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(ES-37)
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The row index (i) of
the voiceless stop (¬OSi) governs which of the sibilants ḥ∨ r will change into
e.g.,
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ḥ + ṭ
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>
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ṣ
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ṭ
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(i=3)
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r + ph
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>
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ḥ
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ph
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(i=5)
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and so on.
Conjugation Symbols
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1
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First person
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2
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Second person
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3
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Third person
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I, II, ... X
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Classes of the verb (used for Ind, Imp, Opt
& Impf)
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P
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Parasmaipāda (active Vo)
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Ā
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Ātmanepāda (middle Vo) ∨ in sandhi: long vowel
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■
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Strong(est) stem ∨ V√
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▷
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Middle stem∨ G√
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∨ (by itself)
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Alternate root, i.e. G√ ∨ V√
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(no mark)
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Weakest stem ∨ √
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(no mark)
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W√
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Th
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Thematic
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ATh
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Athematic
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Vo
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Voice
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Ts
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Tense
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Mo
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Mood
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Pr
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Present
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Impf
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Imperfect
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Ind
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Indicative
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Imp
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Imperative
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Cnd
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Conditional
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Opt
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Optative
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Prec
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Precative
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Fu
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Future
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Ao
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Aorist
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Pf
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Perfect
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Ps
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Passive
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Pt
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Participle
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PP
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Preteritial (or past) participle
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PPP
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Passive preteritial participle
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APP
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Active preteritial participle
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Pv
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Preverb
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a
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Augment
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Root Description
A root (√) is built up of initial cluster of
consonants (1K), a vowel (√A) and a second cluster of
consonants (2K):
√ = [1K]
√A[2K]
Examples:
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drś ‘see’
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1K=d
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√A=ṛ
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2K = ś
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i ‘go’
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1K=∅
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√A=i
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2K= ∅
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sthā ‘go’
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1K=sth
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√A=ā
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2K= ∅
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spand ‘quiver’
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1K=sp
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√A=a
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2K= nd
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īkṣ ‘see’
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1K=∅
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√A=ī
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2K= kṣ
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√G
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Guṇa of a vowel in a root
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√V
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Vṛddhi of a vowel in a root
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G√
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[1K] √G[2K]
(i.e a root in guṇa grade)
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V√
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[1K] √V[2K]
(i.e. root in vṛddhi grade)
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W√
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Weakest form of the root; = √ except when the
√ take samprasāraṇa: e.g. √vac have W√ = uc
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S√
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Strong √, can be either G√ or V√
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R√
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Reduplicated root; e.g. ca in perfect stem cakṛ
of kṛ
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RK
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Consonant in the reduplicated root; e.g. c in perfect stem cakṛ of kṛ
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RA
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Vowel of the reduplicated root; e.g. a in perfect stem cakṛ of kṛ
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A√
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A root ending with a vowel, i.e. √ = [1K] √A
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K√
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A root not
ending with a vowel, i.e. √ = [1K]
√A 2K
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Declension Symbols
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N
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Nominative
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A
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Accusative
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I
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Instrumental
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D
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Dative
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Ab
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Ablative
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G
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Genitive
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L
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Locative
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V
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Vocative
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m
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Masculine
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n
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Neutral
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f
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Feminine
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AS
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Vocalic stem
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KS
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Consonant stem
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SS
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Strong stem
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MS
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Middle stem
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WS
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Weak stem
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PS
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Pure stem
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Stem Description
Substantives and adjectives (i.e. a noun) are
built up of initial clusters of sounds (S-), the last vowel (A), an optional
cluster of consonants (K) and the ending (E):
where,
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S = S- A [K] is the stem
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(2)
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S- is the stem without its last vowel and/or
consonants
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(3)
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A the last vowels of S
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(4)
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E the ending
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(5)
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If S = S- A the stem is vocalic and
belongs to the vocalic declension (ADc)
If S = S- A K the stem is
consonantal and belongs to the consonantal declension (KDc)
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