Vowel Gradation

A scheme of vowel gradation is (in principle) acheived as follows:

This can written out (with a few exceptions) as:

Note:

√ are quoted differently having:

1) ^√A = A_i

2) ^√A = Y_ia.

The second kind is capable of weakening as seen above. This is called samprasāraṇa.

Notation:

√ having A in the vṛddhi-row is denoted by ^V√

√ having A in the guṇa-row is denoted by ^G√

√ having A in the [normal]-row is denoted by √

^W√ denotes:

1) √ of the first kind in the [normal]-row or

2) √ of the second kind in the [samprasāraṇa]-row.

^WA denotes the A in ^W√.

√ = ¹K^√A²K which are prosodically long show no gradation