Indeclinables

Note: See also indeclinable pronouns (a few words mentioned here are also mentioned there) and prepositions.

Particles

Conjunctions

Interjections

Adverbs

Case-forms used as Adverbs.

Nouns in n/A/sg are used adverbially.

Adverbs by Suffix

S taḥ	Ab sense	ataḥ ‘hence, afterwards, then, from now’ itaḥ ‘hence, from here’ tataḥ ‘then, therefore’ yataḥ ‘from whom, from where, why’ kutaḥ ‘whence? whither? wherefore? why? how?’ amutaḥ ‘from, there, thence, further’, janmataḥ ‘according to birth’
S tra	L sense	atra ‘here’ tatra ‘there’ yatra ‘where’ kutra ‘where?’ amutra ‘there’ anyatra ‘elsewhere’ sarvatra ‘everywhere’ ubhayatra ‘in both places’
S ha	Locality	iha ‘here’ kuha ‘where’
S thā	Adverbs of manner	viśvathā ‘in every way’ sarvathā ‘in all ways’ pūrvathā ‘formerly’ pratnathā ‘as usual’
S dā	Adverbs of time	tadā ‘then’ yadā ‘when’ kadā ‘when?’ sadā ‘always’ sarvadā ‘always’ ekadā ‘once upon a time’ nityadā ‘constantly’
S dhā	Adverbs: ‘fold, times, ways’	ekadhā ‘in one way’ dvidhā ‘in two parts’ anekadhā ‘in various ways’ katidhā ‘in how many places or parts’
S vat	‘after the manner of, like’, etc.	aṅgirasvat ‘like Angiras’ manuṣvat ‘as Manu did’ jamadagnivat ‘after the manner of Jamadagni’ pūrvavat ∨ pratnavat ∨ purāṇavat ‘as of old’

In a more schematic way:

°tra

(place)

°taḥ

(Ab)

°dā

(time)

°thā

(manner)

ta°

tatra

there

tataḥ

thence

tadā

then

tathā

ya°

yatra

where

yataḥ

whence

yadā

when

yathā

sarva°

sarvatra

everywhere

sarvataḥ

from every

place

sarvatā

always

sarvathā

in every

manner

anya°

anyatra

elsewhere

anyataḥ

from some

other place

anyatā

at some

other time

anyathā

otherwise

ka°

ku°

kutra

where?

kutaḥ

from where?

kadā

when?

kath a m

how?

eka°

ekatra

somewhere

ekataḥ

from

somewhere

ekadā

once

a°

atra

here

ataḥ

hence

i°

itaḥ

hence

Note:

All these becomes indefinites by using cit ∨ api ∨ cana.

Particles

Asseverative particles

aṅga ‘please!’

hanta ‘come on!’ a word of assent and incitement

hi ‘verily’ illative meaning

kila ‘indeed!’

khalu ‘certainly’

tu ‘now’

sma ‘surely’. sometimes gives a past meaning to a Pr

Particles of kindred value:

id ‘exactly’

kam ‘yes’

cid ‘even’

jātu ‘at all’

eva ‘really’, ‘this (and notning else)’ enclitic.

Negative particles

na ‘not’, signifying simple negation

mā ‘not’, signifying prohibition.

Interrogative particles

If standing in the begining of a sentence api and kim are interrogative particles. nanu introduces an objection or expostulation.

Particles of comparison

iva ‘like’ enclitic

yathā ‘as’

Particles of place

kva ‘where?’

Particles of time

nu, nūnam ‘now’

adya ‘today, at once’

punar ‘again’.

Conjunctions.

ca ‘and’ placed after the words it connects

vā ‘or’ placed after the words it connects

Of copulative value is: ca, api, tataḥ, tathā, kiṃ ca.

Adversative: tu ‘but’.

ca (and ced) occasionally has the meaning ‘if’.

Interjections.

Voice-gestures

ā, hā, hāhā, ahaha, he, ayi, aye, aho.

Nouns and adjectives

bhos; dhik ‘alas’!

kaṣṭam ‘woe is me’!

diṣṭyā ‘thank heaven’!

svasti ‘hail’!

suṣṭhu sādhu ‘good, excellent’!