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ES
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IS does not allways apply ( ⊃ is used in a few
places)!
Between A and K
The only
instances when A and K does influence each other is:
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σF ∨ ° δK (ī̆,
ū̆ )A
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⊃
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σF ∨ ° δK
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(iy, uv)A
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(IS-1)
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(i, u)r + K
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⊃
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(ī, ū)rK
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(IS-2)
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e+ y
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>
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ayy
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(IS-3)
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o+ y
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>
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avy
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(IS-4)
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ai+ y
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>
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āyy
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(IS-5)
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au+ y
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>
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āvy
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(IS-6)
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Examples:
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bhū + am
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>
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bhuvam (1)
‘Earth.’ (A/sg)
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gir + bhyaḥ
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>
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gīrbhyaḥ (2)
‘From the invocations.’ (DAb/pl)
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go + yat
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>
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gavyat (4)
‘Desirous of cattle.’
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Otherwise
A and K never influence each other:
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K+ (A, Y, N)
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>
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K
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(A, Y, N)
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(IS-7)
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Between A
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[*]e+ A
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>
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ayA
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(IS-8)
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[*]o+ A
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>
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avA
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(IS-9)
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[*]ai+ A
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>
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āyA
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(IS-10)
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[*]au+ A
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>
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āvA
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(IS-11)
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[*] denotes
that this vowel may be an intemediate theoretical vowel using ES rules 7, 8, 10
or 11, (sometimes with changed order in the premise, e.g. u + a >
o).
Examples:
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nau + ā
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>
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nāvā (11)
‘With the ship.’ (I/sg)
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sunu + āva
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>
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sunavāva (9)
‘We two should press!’ (Pr/Imp/1/du)
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Between K
No change unless one of the following rules
apply:
Stop ending first phonem:
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[H]/OSi
+ ¬O
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>
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¬H/¬OSi
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¬O
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(IS-12)
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but,
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H/OSi + [H]t
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>
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¬H/OSi
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dh
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(IS-13)
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OSi +
O
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>
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OSi
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O
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(IS-14)
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but,
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H/[O]Si
+ OS
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>
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¬H/OSi
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OS
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(IS-15)
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Examples:
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ad + ti
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>
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atti (12)
‘She eats.’
(Pr/Ind/P/3/sg)
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ruṇadh + si
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>
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ruṇatsi (12)
‘He obstructs.’
(Pr/Ind/P/2/sg)
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budh + ta
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>
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buddha (13)
‘Awakened.’ (PPP)
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labh + tvā
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>
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labdhvā (13)
‘Has been obtained.’
(1Abs)
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rundh + dhve
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>
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runddhve (15)
‘You obstructs.’
(Pr/Ind/Ā/2/pl)
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Palatal ending first phonem:
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ś + s
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>
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kṣ
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(IS-16)
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(ś, j) + [H]t
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⊃
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ṣ
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[H]ṭ
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(IS-17)
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(c, j) + n
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>
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(c, j)
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ñ
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(IS-18)
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Examples:
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adiś + sat
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>
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adikṣat (16)
‘She has shown.’
(Ao/P/3/sg)
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dṛś + ta
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dṛṣṭa (17)
‘Seen.’ (PPP)
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rāj + n + ā
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rājñā (18 & 7)
‘By the King.’ (I/sg)
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Cerebral
ending first phonem:
Example:
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atviṣ + sat
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atvikṣat (19)
‘He moved.’
(Ao/P/3/sg)
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Dental
ending first phonem:
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Cb + Dt
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>
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CbCb
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(IS-20)
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n + Ś
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>
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ṃŚ
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(IS-21)
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Examples:
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dviṣ + ti
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>
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dviṣṭi (20)
‘She hates.’
(Pr/Ind/P/3/sg)
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han + sva
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>
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haṃsva (21)
‘Kill!’
(Pr/Imp/Ā/2/sg)
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Labial
ending first phonem:
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m + ¬Ś /¬yK
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>
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nK
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(IS-22)
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m + Ś
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>
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ṃŚ
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(IS-23)
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Example:
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gam + tum
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>
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gantum (22)
‘To go.’ (Inf)
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h ending first phonem:
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¬ṛĂh + [H]t ∨ dh
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>
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Āḍh
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(IS-24)
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h + t
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⊃
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gdh
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(IS-25)
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(25 mostly with PPP of √ ending in h)
Examples:
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rih + tām
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rīḍhām (24)
‘Kiss [me]!.’ (Pr/Imp/Ā/3/pl)
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dih + ta
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digdha (25)
‘Smeared’ (PPP)
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Retroflexion:
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ṝ̆ ∨ r
∨ ṣ + [¬Pl, ¬Cb, ¬Dt]
+ n+
A ∨ n
∨ m ∨ y ∨ v
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>
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... ṇ
...
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(IS-26)
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¬ā̆A ∨ k
∨ r + [ḥ, ṃ ]
+ s +
¬(ṛ ∨
r)
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>
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... ṣ
...
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(IS-27)
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Examples:
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ru + n + adhāni
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ruṇadhāni (26)
‘I should obstruct’ (Pr/Imp/P/1/sg)
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ru + n +ddhi
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runddhi (26)
‘You should obstruct’
(Pr/Imp/P/2/sg)
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gi + r + su
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gīrṣu (2 & 27)
‘In the invocations’ (L/pl)
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