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ES
IS
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Sandhi is the change of sounds when two phonems meet. If this happens between parts of word, internal sandhi (IS) occurs, if it happens between words in sentences, external sandhi (ES) occurs. In CS these changes are notated in the spelling.
The rules of ES are strictly a part of IS.
For ease of reference ES and IS are given both together and by themselves.
Overview (ES and IS)
Examples are given at the special pages devoted
to IS and ES.
IS does not allways apply ( ⊃ is used in a few
places)!
Between A and K
The only
instances when A and K does influence each other is:
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Ă + ch
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>
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Ă
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cch
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(ES-1a)
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mā + ch
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>
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mā
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cch
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(ES-1b)
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ā + ch
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>
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ā
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cch
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(ES-1c)
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σF ∨ ° δK (ī̆,
ū̆ )A
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⊃
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σF ∨ ° δK
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(iy, uv)A
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(IS-1)
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(i, u)r + K
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⊃
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(ī, ū)rK
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(IS-2)
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e+ y
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>
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ayy
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(IS-3)
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o+ y
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>
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avy
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(IS-4)
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ai+ y
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>
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āyy
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(IS-5)
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au+ y
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>
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āvy
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(IS-6)
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Otherwise
A and K never influence each other:
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A + K
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>
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A
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K
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(ES-2)
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K + A
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>
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K
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A
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(ES-3)
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K+ (A, Y, N)
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>
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K
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(A, Y, N)
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(IS-7)
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Between A
Similar A:
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ā̆ + ā̆
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>
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ā
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(ES-4)
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ī̆ + ī̆
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>
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ī
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(ES-5)
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ū̆ + ū̆
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>
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ū
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(ES-6)
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ā̆ ending first phonem:
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ā̆ + ī̆
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>
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e
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(ES-7)
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ā̆ + ū̆
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>
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o
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(ES-8)
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ā̆ + ṝ̆
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>
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ar
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(ES-9)
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ā̆ + (e,
ai)
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>
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ai
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(ES-10)
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ā̆ + (o,
au)
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>
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au
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(ES-11)
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[*]e+ A
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>
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ayA
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(IS-8)
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[*]o+ A
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>
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avA
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(IS-9)
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[*]ai+ A
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>
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āyA
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(IS-10)
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[*]au+ A
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>
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āvA
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(IS-11)
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[*] denotes
that this vowel may be an intemediate theoretical vowel using ES rules 7, 8, 10
or 11, (sometimes with changed order in the premise, e.g. u + a >
o).
Between dissimilar ī̆, ū̆, ṝ̆ :
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(ī̆ , ū̆ , ṝ̆ ) + ¬( ī̆ ,
ū̆ ,
ṝ̆ )A
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>
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(y, v, r)
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A
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(ES-12)
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δA ending first phonem:
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(e, o) + ¬aA
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>
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a
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¬aA
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(ES-13)
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(e, o) + a
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>
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(e, o)
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’
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(ES-14)
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ai + A
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>
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ā
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A
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(ES-15)
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au + A
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>
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āv
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A
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(ES-16)
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Special rule for dualis:
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ī ∨ ū ∨ e / DuE remains unchained before A and
effect no elision.
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(ES-17)
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Between K
No change unless one of the following rules
apply:
Stop ending first
phonem:
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¬OSi +
¬O
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>
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¬OSi
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¬O
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(ES-18)
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[H]/OSi
+ ¬O
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>
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¬H/¬OSi
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¬O
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(IS-12)
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but,
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H/OSi + [H]t
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>
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¬H/OSi
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dh
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(IS-13)
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¬OSi +
O
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>
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OSi
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O
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(ES-19)
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but,
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¬OSi +h
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>
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OSi
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HOi
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(ES-20)
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OSi +
O
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>
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OSi
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O
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(IS-14)
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but,
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H/[O]Si
+ OS
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>
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¬H/OSi
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OS
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(IS-15)
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Si + N
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>
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Ni
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N
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(ES-21)
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Palatal ending first
phonem:
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ś + s
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>
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kṣ
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(IS-16)
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(ś, j) + [H]t
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⊃
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ṣ
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[H]ṭ
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(IS-17)
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(c, j) + n
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>
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(c, j)
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ñ
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(IS-18)
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Cerebral ending first phonem:
Final t ∨ n before Pl, Cb and l:
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t + ś
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>
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c
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c ∨ ch
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(ES-22)
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t + (ṣ, [H]c)
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>
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ṭ
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(ṣ , [H]ṭ)
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(ES-23)
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t + l ∨ [H]ṭ
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>
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l
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l
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(ES-24)
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t+ [H]j
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>
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j
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[H]j
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(ES-25)
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t+ [H]ḍ
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>
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ḍ
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[H]ḍ
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(ES-26)
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n + [H]c
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>
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ṃś
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[H]c
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(ES-27)
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n + [H]ṭ
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>
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ṃṣ
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[H]ṭ
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(ES-28)
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n + [H]t
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>
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ṃs
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[H]t
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(ES-29)
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n + l
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>
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ṃl
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l
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(ES-30)
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n + [H]j
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>
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ñ
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[H]j
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(ES-31)
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n + [H]ḍ
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>
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ṇ
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[H]ḍ
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(ES-32)
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n + ś
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>
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ñ
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ch ∨ ś
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(ES-33)
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Cb + Dt
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>
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CbCb
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(IS-20)
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n + Ś
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>
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ṃŚ
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(IS-21)
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Labial ending first phonem:
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m + A
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>
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m
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A
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(ES-34)
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m + K
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>
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ṃ
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K
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(ES-35)
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m + ¬Ś /¬yK
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>
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nK
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(IS-22)
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m + Ś
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>
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ṃŚ
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(IS-23)
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ìmNi +
A
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>
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ĂNiNi
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A
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(ES-36)
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Sibilant ending first phonem:
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ḥ∨ r + ¬OSi
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>
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Śi
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¬OSi
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(ES-37)
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ḥ∨ r + Ś
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>
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ḥ
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Ś
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(ES-38)
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¬ā̆ ḥ ∨ r + ¬rO
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>
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r
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¬rO
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(ES-39)
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āḥ + O
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>
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ā
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O
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(ES-40)
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aḥ + OK
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>
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o
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OK
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(ES-41)
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aḥ + ¬aV
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>
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a
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¬aV
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(ES-42)
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aḥ + a
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>
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o
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’
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(ES-43)
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(a, i, u) (ḥ ∨ r) + r
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>
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(ā, ī, ū)
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r
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(ES-44)
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¬(a, i, u) (ḥ∨ r) + r
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>
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r
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(ES-45)
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h ending first phonem:
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¬ṛĂh + [H]t ∨ dh
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>
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Āḍh
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(IS-24)
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h + t
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⊃
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gdh
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(IS-25)
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(IS-25 mostly with PPP of √ ending in h)
Retroflexion:
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ṝ̆ ∨ r
∨ ṣ + [¬Pl, ¬Cb, ¬Dt]
+ n+
A ∨ n
∨ m ∨ y ∨ v
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>
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... ṇ
...
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(IS-26)
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¬ā̆A ∨ k
∨ r + [ḥ, ṃ ]
+ s +
¬(ṛ ∨
r)
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>
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... ṣ
...
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(IS-27)
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