Contents

Perfect (Pf)

Reduplication

- overview -

PfS = Pf:R [S]

(1)

 

S in sg/P: sometimes G, sometimes V and sometimes both are admissible

 

The details of PfF depends on the forms of :

 

[1K] i u σ2K

[1K] a σ2K

1K a 2K with RK = 1K

va 2K

1K ī̆ ū̆

1K ā̆ δA

1K A2K (prosodically long)

vid, bhū, ah and as

 

There is also a periphrastic Pf.

 

PfE defined in table below:

 

i before KE occurs in most

 

Pf

 

(general)

 

 

 

1/sg/P

Pf:R S a

2

Pf:R S [i]tha

3

Pf:R S a

1/du

 

Pf:R [i]va

2

 

Pf:R athuḥ

3

 

Pf:R atuḥ

1/pl

 

Pf:R [i]ma

2

 

Pf:R a

3

 

Pf:R uḥ

1/sg/Ā

 

Pf:R e

2

 

Pf:R [i]se

3

 

Pf:R e

1/du

 

Pf:R [i]vahe

2

 

Pf:R āthe

3

 

Pf:R āte

1/pl

 

Pf:R [i]mahe

2

 

Pf:R [i]dhve

3

 

Pf:R ire

Paradigms:

dṛś

‘see’

SS = dadarś

WS = dadṛś

 

puṣ

‘nourish’

SS = pupoṣ

WS = pupuṣ

 

bhid

‘split’

S = bibhid

 

= [1K] i u σ2K

SS = Pf:R G

(2)

WS = Pf:R

(3)

 

Paradigm:

tap

‘heat’

SS = tatāp

WS = tatap

= [1K] a σ2K

SS = Pf:R GV

(4)

WS = Pf:R

(5)

 

Paradigm:

pac

‘cook’

SS = papāc

WS = pec

= 1K a 2K with RK = 1K

SS:

1K a 1K ā 2K

(6)

WS:

1K e 2K

(7)

 

If 2/sg/P is constructed with i then the WS is used

(8)

Paradigm:

vac

‘say’

SS = uvāc

WS = ūc

= va 2K

SS:

uvā 2K

(9)

WS:

ū 2K

(10)

 

Paradigms:

‘lead’

SS = ninai

WS = nini

 

stu

‘praise’

SS = tuṣṭau

WS = tuṣṭu

 

kṛ

‘do’

SS = cakār

WS = cakṛ

= 1K ī̆ ū̆ ṝ̆

 

SS:

Pf:R V

(11)

WS:

Pf:R

(12)

 

Paradigm:

‘give’

SS = dadā

WS = dad

= 1K ā̆ δA

SS:

Pf:R G

(13)

WS:

Pf:R 1K

(14)

 

Note:

1,2/sg/P:

Pf:R 1K au

(15)

 

Paradigms:

nind

‘blame’

S = ninind

 

jīv

‘live’

S = jijīv

Prosodically long = 1K A2K

These have no gradation:

S = Pf:R

(16)

 

Paradigms:

vid

‘know’

SS = ved

WS = vid

 

bhū

‘become’

S = babhū

 

ah

‘say’

S = āh

 

as

‘be

S = ās

 

vid, bhū, ah and as

 

When vid means ‘know’ it has no R

(19)

bhū is irregular (only P, all S = Pf:R )

(20)

ah is incomplete (no R)

(21)

as (only P, no R)

(22)

 

Paradigms:

cint

‘think’

S = cintayām+ās

 

ās

‘sit’

S = āsāṃ+babhū

S = āsāṃ+cakṛ

 

īkṣ

‘see’

S = īkṣāṃ+cakṛ

Periphrastic Pf

Formed with all derived verbs (i.e. C and Ds) and which begin with prosodically long vowels (except ā̆- but ās)

 

Form:

PrS ām (Pfkṛ Pfas Pfbhū)

(21)

 

where:

kṛ: P/Ā

as: P

bhū: P