Voices

Active voice (parasmaipada, P)

P is constructed as:

^NSubj ^AObj ^PPred

(1)

Ā is constructed as:

^NSubj ^AObj ^ĀPred

(2)

The original difference between P and Ā is that in P the fruit of the action is for others and in Ā for the subject.	(3)
Many √ only have forms in one of P or Ā.	(4)
Often there is no difference in meaning between P and Ā	(5)

Examples:

Devadattaḥ āśam pacati (P)

‘Devadatta cooks food [for others]’

Devadattaḥ āśam pacate (Ā)

‘Devadatta cooks food [for himself]’

Ps is very common i CS; in fact so common that when translating one often can translate to active english constructions.

Ps is constructed as:

^ISubj ^AObj ^PsPred

(6)

Devadattena āśam pacyate

‘The food is cooked by Devadatta’

With participles:

^ISubj ^NObj ^NPart

(7)

E.g. using a PPP:

Devadattena āśaḥ pacitaḥ

‘The food was cooked by Devadatta’

^NX ^AY ^Ps:C√ [^IZ]: X is caused to do √ with Y [by Z]	(8)
^NX ^IY ^Ps:C√ [^IZ]: Y is caused to do √ with X [by Z]	(9)

(8) is the more common type.

Active:

Kumāraḥ asmān ābharaṇam paridhāpitavān. (C7)

‘The prince has made us put on ornaments.’

Passive:

Kumāreṇa vayam ābharaṇam paridhāpitā. (8)

‘The prince made us put on ornaments.’

Active:

Viṣakanyayā rākṣasaḥ ghātitavān tapasvinam Parvateśvaram. (C8)

‘The demon has killed the unhappy Parvateśvara by means of a viṣakanyā.’

Passive:

Viṣakanyayā rākṣasena ghātitaḥ tapasvī Parvateśvaraḥ. (9)

‘The unhappy Parvateśvara was killed by the demon by means of a viṣakanyā.’