|
Contents
▲
|
Declinable Stems (DecS)
There are two kinds of derivations:
1) Primary derivation: S is constructed directly
from the √.
2) Secondary derivation: S is constructed from
already derived S.
Besides these two groups there are:
3) Verbal Nouns
4) Pronouns
5) Words that are not analysable from any √
Primary derivation
|
√ [t]
|
|
These are used ifc, and have both fundamental values, as action-nouns, frequently as Inf and as agent-nouns and Adj often governing A.
If √ = [1K] √A, a t is usually added.
|
|
G√ a
|
Action-nouns:
|
śrama ‘weariness’
graha ‘seizure’
aya ‘movement’
veda ‘knowledge’
hava ‘call’
krodha ‘wrath’
joṣa ‘enjoyment’
tara ‘crossing’
sarga ‘emission’.
|
|
|
Agent-nouns:
|
kṣama ‘patient’
svaja ‘constrictor’
jīva ‘living’
megha ‘cloud’
coda ‘inciting’
plava ‘boat’
sara ‘brook’
sarpa ‘serpent’
bhoja ‘generous’
khāda ‘devouring’.
|
|
V√ a
|
|
Used with :
√ = 1K a 2K
√ = [1K] ṛ ∨ ū̆ ∨ ī̆.
|
|
|
Action-nouns:
|
kāma ‘love’
bhāga ‘share’
nāda ‘noise’
dāva ‘fire’
tāra ‘crossing’.
|
|
|
Agent-nouns:
|
grābha ‘seizing’
vāha ‘carrying’
nāya ‘leading’
jāra ‘lover’
|
|
G√ ana
|
Action-nouns:
|
sadana ‘seat’
rakṣaṇa ‘protection’
dāna ‘giving’
cayana ‘collection’
vedana ‘property’
havana ‘call’
bhojana ‘injoyment’
karaṇa ‘deed’
vardhana ‘increase’
|
|
|
Agent-nouns
|
tapana ‘burning’
cetana ‘visible’
codana ‘impelling’
|
|
G√ as
|
Neuter abstract action-nouns
|
avas ‘aid, favor’
tapas ‘warmth’
prayas ‘pleasure’
tejas ‘splendor’
śravas ‘fame’
dohas ‘milking’
karas ‘deed’
prathas ‘breadth’
cetas / manas ‘mind’
cakṣas ‘eye’
saras ‘pond’
vacas ‘speech’.
|
|
PPP√ ti
|
Action-nouns (f)
Agent-nouns (m)
Adj
|
√ which form PPP with ita do not have the i
before ti. √ having their
participle in na form the abstract noun
also in ni.
Examples:
rāti ‘gift’
ūti ‘aid’
rīti ‘flow’
stuti ‘praise’
bhakti ‘division’
viṣṭi ‘service’, ‘praise’
kīrti ‘fame’
pūrti ‘bestowal’
mati ‘thought’
pīti ‘drink’
dhauti ‘stream’
gati ‘motion’
śāṃti ‘repose’
diti ‘division’
dṛṣṭi ‘sight’
iṣṭi ‘offering’
ukti ‘speech’
vṛddhi ‘increase’.
|
|
W√ tha.
|
Action-nouns
(m/n/f)
|
-itha
‘going’
artha ‘goal’
-kṛtha
‘making’
gātha ‘song’
bhṛtha ‘offering’
-yātha
‘road’
-śītha
‘lying down’
śotha ‘swelling’
siktha ‘sediment’.
|
|
G√ man.
|
Action-nouns. (n)
|
karman ‘action’
janman ‘birth’
nāman ‘name’
vartman ‘track’
veśman ‘dwelling’
homan ‘sacrifice’
-dyotman
‘splendor’.
|
|
√ [t]van.
|
Agent-words, Adj
Nouns (m)
|
t occurs when √ = [1K] √Ă
Examples:
(m:)
yajvan ‘offering’
druhvan ‘harming’
śakvan ‘capable’
-rikvan
‘leaving’
-jitvan
‘conquering’
sutvan ‘pressing’
kṛtvan ‘active’
-gatvan ‘going’;
(n:)
parvan ‘joint’
dhanvan ‘bow’.
|
|
G√ [i]tṛ
|
Agent-nouns
|
Formed
freely formed from all √
f is G√
[i] trī.
union-vowel i is common
|
|
G√ tra
|
Nouns, signifying
the means or
instrument
|
(n:)
gātra ‘limb’
pattra ‘wing’
pātra ‘cup’
yoktra ‘bond’
vastra ‘garment’
śrotra ‘ear’
astra ‘missile’
stotra ‘song of praise’
potra ‘vessel’
dattra ‘gift’
kṣetra ‘field’
mūtra ‘urine’
hotra ‘sacrifice’
kṣatra ‘authority’
rāṣṭra ‘kingdom’
śāstra ‘doctrine’
sattra ‘sacrificial session’.
(m:)
daṃṣṭra ‘tusk’
mantra ‘prayer’
attra ‘devourer’
uṣṭra ‘buffalo, camel’
(f:)
aṣṭrā ‘good’
mātrā ‘measure’
hotrā ‘sacrifice’
nāṣṭrā ‘destroyer’.
|
|
W√ ra.
|
Adj
|
kṣipra ‘quick’
chidra ‘split’
tura ‘strong’
bhadra ‘pleasing’
śakra ‘mighty’
śukra ‘bright’
|
Secondary derivation
S sometimes changes when the suffix (Su) is added to it:
|
S- a ∨ i + A ∨ y Su
|
>
|
S- A ∨ y Su
|
(1)
|
|
S- u + A ∨ y Su
|
⊃
|
S- av A ∨ y Su
|
(2)
|
|
ṛ, o and au follows IS
|
(3)
|
|
S- n Su
|
⊃
|
S-
Su
|
(4)
|
|
S- an Su
|
⊃
|
S-
Su
|
(5)
|
|
S- an Su
|
⊃
|
S- a Su
|
(6)
|
|
S- an Su
|
⊃
|
S- n Su
|
(7)
|
S is very often strengthened by vowel gradation of the first A in S:
|
S = [K] A°
|
>
|
GS = [K] GA°
|
(8)
|
|
S = [K] A°
|
>
|
VS = [K] VA°
|
(9)
|
|
S = K(y,v)A°
|
⊃
|
VS = K(aiy,auv)VA°
|
(10)
|
(VS most common)
In compounds (S = X - Y):
|
X - Y
|
⊃
|
VX - Y
|
(11)
|
|
X - Y
|
sometimes⊃
|
X - VY
|
(12)
|
|
X - Y
|
often⊃
|
VX - VY
|
(13)
|
Examples:
|
aśvin
|
>
|
āśvina
|
|
soma
|
>
|
saumya
|
|
pṛthivī
|
>
|
pārthiva
|
|
amitra
|
>
|
āmitra
|
|
samrāj
|
>
|
sāmrājya
|
|
sukṛta
|
>
|
saukṛtya
|
|
mitrāvaruṇā
|
>
|
maitrāvaruṇa (11)
|
|
uccaiḥśravas
|
>
|
auccaiḥśravasa
|
|
nyāya
|
>
|
naiyāyika (10)
|
|
indradeva
|
>
|
indradaivatya (12)
|
|
caturvidya
|
>
|
cāturvaidya (13)
|
|
VS a.
|
Adj, denoting having a relation, connection
or with that denoted by S. Also freely used substantively: m/f as appellatives, n frequently as abstract. Often they have a patronymic
or gentile value.
Examples:
mānasa ‘relating to the mind’ (manas)
saumanasa ‘friendliness’ (sumanas)
brāhmaṇa ‘priest’ (brahman)
|
|
V:aS-
a
|
(The final a is replaced by Su a and the accent shifts)
Examples:
āmitra ‘inimical’ (amitra
‘enemy’),
vaiśvadeva ‘belonging to all the gods’ (viśvadeva)
daiva ‘divine’ (deva)
pautra ‘grandchild’ (putra
‘son’)
|
|
VS ya
|
In form and meaning close to VS a but less common.
Examples:
daivya ‘divine’ (deva)
pālitya ‘grayness’ (palita)
gārhapatya ‘householder's’ (gṛhapati)
vaimanasya ‘mindlessness’ (vimanas)
laukya ‘of the world’ (loka)
ādhipatya ‘lordship’ (adhipati)
|
|
S ya
|
Adj, much less often abstract nouns (n/f).
Examples:
aṅgya ‘of the limbs’ (aṅga)
mukhya ‘foremost’ (mukha
‘mouth’)
avya ‘ovine’ (avi)
viśya ‘of the people’ (viś)
viśvadevya ‘of all the gods’ (viśvadeva)
divya ‘heavenly’ (div)
satya ‘true’ (sant)
vyāghrya ‘tigrine’ (vyāghra)
kavya ‘wise’ (kavi)
grāmya ‘of the village’ (grāma)
hṛdya` ‘of the heart’ (hṛd)
karmaṇya` ‘active’ (karman)
namasya` ‘reverend’ (namas)
āyuṣya` ‘giving life’ (āyus)
prācya` ‘eastern’ (prāñc)
|
|
S iya
|
Identical with S ya; used only after δK.
Examples:
kṣatriya ‘having authority’ (kṣatra)
yajñiya ‘reverend’ (yajña)
amitriya ‘inimical’ (amitra)
kṣetriya ‘of the field’ (kṣetra)
śrotriya ‘learned’ (śrotra)
ṛtviya (also ṛtviya) ‘in
season’ (ṛtu)
|
|
VS īya
|
Ordinals dvitīya
etc. with fractionals tṛtīya and turīya
|
|
VS eya.
|
Adj, often having a patronymic or metronymic
value.
n sometimes used as abstract noun.
Examples:
ārṣeya ‘descendant of a sage’ (ṛsi)
jānaśruteya son of ‘Jānaśruti’
pauruṣeya ‘coming from man’ (puruṣa)
|
|
S ka
(m/f)
|
Diminutives and more often, added to S without
definable value
Examples:
kumāraka ‘boy’
kanīnakā or kanīnikā ‘girl’
pādaka ‘little foot’
putraka ‘little son’
rājaka ‘princeling’
śakuntaka ‘birdling’
astaka ‘home’
nāsikā ‘nostril’
dhenukā
(dhenu) ‘cow’
nagnaka
(nagna) ‘naked’
baddhaka
(baddha) ‘captive’
|
|
VS aka
VS ikā
|
Examples:
āvaśyaka ‘necessary’
vārddhaka ‘old age’
rāmaṇīyaka ‘delightfulness’.
vaidika ‘relating to the Vedas’
dhārmika ‘religious’
āhnika ‘daily’
vainayika ‘well-behaved’
dauvārika ‘doorkeeper’
naiyāyika ‘versed in the Nyāya’
|
|
S maya
S mayī
|
Adj signifying ‘made’ or ‘composed’ or
‘consisting of’, also ‘abounding in’, that which is denoted by S.
Examples:
tejomaya
āpomaya
jyotirmaya
yajurmaya
vāṅmaya
|
|
S- in
|
Possessive Adj may be formed almost
unlimitedly from aS and are sometimes formed rarely from
other S.
A final vowel disappears before the suffix.
Examples:
aśvin ‘possessing horses’
dhanin ‘wealthy’
pakṣin ‘winged’
balin ‘strong’
bhagin ‘fortunate’
vajrin ‘wielding the thunderbolt’
ṣoḍaśin ‘of sixteen’
brahmavarcasin ‘of eminent sancitity’
manīṣin ‘wise’
śikhin ‘crested’
ṛtāyin ‘pious’
|
|
S vant
|
Possessive Adj from noun-stems of every form
Examples:
putravant ‘having a son’
puṇḍarīkavant ‘rich in lotuses’
hiraṇyavant ‘rich in gold’
patnīvant ‘with spouse’
dhīvant ‘devoted’
viṣṇuvant ‘accompanied by Vishnu’
brahmaṇvant ‘accompanied with worship’
Instead of the specialized meaning of
‘possessing’, the more general one of ‘like to, resembling’ is found:
nīlavant ‘blackish’
nṛvant ‘manly’
pṛṣadvant ‘speckled’
kṣaitavant ‘princely’
|
|
S mant
|
Possessive Adj. The same value as S vant, and are to some extent
exchangeable with it. (Only very rarely made from aS)
Examples:
avimant ‘possessing sheep’
vasumant ‘possessing good things’
madhumant ‘rich in sweets’
hotṛmant ‘provided with priests’
āyuṣmant ‘long-lived’
dhīmant ‘wise’
|
|
S tā (f)
|
Abstract nouns, denoting ‘the quality of being
so and so’, from both Adj and nouns.
Examples:
devatā ‘divinity’
puruṣatā ‘human nature’
bandhutā ‘relationship’
vasutā ‘wealth’
mamatā ‘selfshness’
|
|
S tva (n)
|
Nouns, of the same value as S tā
Examples:
amṛtatva ‘immortality’
devatva ‘divinity’
śucitva ‘purity’
dīrghāyutva ‘long life’
śatrutva ‘enmity’
bhrātṛtva ‘brotherhood’
vṛṣatva ‘virility’
sātmatva ‘soulfulness’
|
|
S taya
S tayī
|
Adj, meaning ‘of so many divisions’ or ‘kinds’
Examples:
ekataya, dvitaya, tritaya,
catuṣṭaya, ṣaṭtaya, saptataya, aṣṭātaya, daśataya, bahutaya.
|
|
S tya
S tyā
|
Adj from particles.
Examples:
nitya ‘own’
niṣṭya ‘foreign’
amātya ‘companion’
|
|
|
