Consonantal Declination (^KDc)

√

°as ∨ °is ∨ °us

°r

°ant

°āñc ∨ °yañc

- Overview -

		m		n		f

N/sg	■	^SS		^WS	■	^SS
A	■	^SS am		^WS	■	^SS am
I		^WS ā		^WS ā		^WS ā
D		^WS e		^WS e		^WS e
Ab		^WS aḥ		^WS aḥ		^WS aḥ
G		^WS aḥ		^WS aḥ		^WS aḥ
L		^WS i		^WS i		^WS i
V	■	^SS		^WS	■	^SS
N A V/du	■	^SS au	■	^SS ī	■	^SS au
I D Ab	▷	^MS bhyām	▷	^MS bhyām	▷	^MS bhyām
G L		^WS oḥ		^WS oḥ		^WS oḥ
N V/pl	■	^SS aḥ	■	S^- ^DcĀ N ^ØN:DcK i	■	^SS aḥ
A		^WS aḥ	■	S^- ^DcĀ N ^ØN:DcK i		^WS aḥ
I	▷	^MS bhiḥ	▷	^MS bhiḥ	▷	^MS bhiḥ
D Ab	▷	^MS bhyaḥ	▷	^MS bhyaḥ	▷	^MS bhyaḥ
G		^WS ām		^WS ām		^WS ām
L	▷	^MS su	▷	^MS su	▷	^MS su

- unchangable stems -

Paradigms:

suhṛt (m)

‘friend’

dviṣ (m)

‘enemy’

jagat (n)

‘world’

vāc (f)

‘voice’

dik (f)

‘region’

S = √ etc

Paradigms:

svapas (m)

‘artist’

tapas (n)

‘fire’

apsaras (f)

‘feminine deity’

jyotis (n)

‘light’

cakṣus (n)

‘eye’

°as ∨ °is ∨ °us

(Note: s is not a permitted final, but these words are quoted in this way anyway, the declined form never ends in a s, see Paradigms)

Paradigms:

gir (f)

‘song’

pur (f)

‘city’

°r

- changable stems -

Paradigms:

tudant (m/n/f)

‘striking’

^SS = tudant

^WS = tudat

nayant (m/n/f)

‘leading’

^SS = nayant

^WS = nayat

bharant (m/n/f)

‘bearing’

^SS= bharant

^WS = bharat

dadant (m/n/f)

‘giving’

^SS= dadat

^WS = dadat

mahant (m/n/f)

‘great’

^SS= mahānt

^WS = mahat

°ant

m/n:

^SS= S^- ant

^WS = S^- at

^fF = ^WS ī ^īE

Note:

m/N V/sg has ^SS:

*S ant > S^- an

Reduplicated stems show no gradation

(^WS everywhere except n/N A V/pl, where ^SS is also allowed)

mahat is irregular

°ant
		m		n	f

N/sg	■	S^- an		S^- at	S- at ī
A	■	S^- ant am		S^- at	S- at īm
I		S^- at ā		S^- at ā	S- at yā
D		S^- at e		S^- at e	S- at yai
Ab		S^- at aḥ		S^- at aḥ	S- at yāḥ
G		S^- at aḥ		S^- at aḥ	S- at yāḥ
L		S^- at i		S^- at i	S- at yām
V	■	S^- an		S^- at	S- at i
N A V/du	■	S^- ant au	■	S^- ant ī	S- at yau
I D Ab		S^- at bhyām		S^- at bhyām	S- at ībhyām
G L		S^- at oḥ		S^- at oḥ	S- at yoḥ
N V/pl	■	S^- ant aḥ	■	S^- ant i	S- at yaḥ
A		S^- at aḥ	■	S^- ant i	S- at īḥ
I		S^- at bhiḥ		S^- at bhiḥ	S- at ībhiḥ
D Ab		S^- at bhyaḥ		S^- at bhyaḥ	S- at ībhyaḥ
G		S^- at ām		S^- at ām	S- at īnām
L		S^- at su		S^- at su	S- at īṣu

Paradigms:

dhīmant (m/n/f) ‘wise’

^SS= dhīmant

^WS = dhīmat

bhagavant (m/n/f) ‘Lord’

^SS= bhagavant

^WS = bhagavat

bhavant (m/n/f) polite form 2^nd pron ‘You’

(the verb is in the 3^rd person)

^SS= bhavant

^WS = bhavat

°mant ∨ °vant

^SS= S^- mant

^WS = S^- mat

^SS= S^- vant

^WS = S^- vat

Inflected as °ant except m/N/sg: S^- mān ∨ vān

Paradigms:

rājan (m)

‘king’

^SS= rājān

^PS = rājan

^MS= rāja

^WS = rājñ

nāman (m)

‘name’

^SS= nāmān

^PS = nāman

^MS= nāma

^WS = nāmn

ātman (m)

‘self’

^SS= ātmān

^PS = ātman

^MS= ātma

^WS = ātman (1)

irregular Paradigms

panthan (m)

‘road’

^SS= panthān

^PS = panthan

^MS= pathi

^WS = path

the ^SS of m/N/sg changes the n to ḥ

ahan (n)

‘day’

^SS= ahān

^PS = ahan

^MS= ahaḥ

^WS = ahn

yuvan (adj/n)

‘young/youth’

^SS= yuvān

^PS = yuvan

^MS= yuva

^WS = yūn

°an ∨ °man ∨ °van

°an :

^SS= S^- ān

^PS = S^- an

^MS= S^- a

^WS = S^- n

°man ∨ °van :

^SS = S^- mān	^SS = S^- vān
^PS = S^- man	^PS = S^- van
^MS = S^- ma	^MS = S^- va
^WF = °Aman ^AE	^WF = °Avan ^AE
^WS = °Kmn	^WS = °Kvn	otherwise

Note:

if ^¬σK preceedes an, ^WS = ^PS = S^- an	(1)
the ^SS of m/N/sg looses the n	(2)

°an
		m		n		f
						(rare)
N/sg	■	S^- ā	▷	S^- a	■	S^- ā
A	■	S^- ān am	▷	S^- a	■	S^- ān am
I		S^- n ā		S^- n ā		S^- n ā
D		S^- n e		S^- n e		S^- n e
Ab		S^- n aḥ		S^- n aḥ		S^- n aḥ
G		S^- n aḥ		S^- n aḥ		S^- n aḥ
L	∨	S^- n i ∨ an i	∨	S^- n i ∨ an i		S^- n i
V	▸	S^- an	∨	S^- a ∨ an	▸	S^- an
N A V/du	■	S^- ān au	∨	S^- n ī ∨ an ī	■	S^- ān au
I D Ab	▷	S^- a bhyām	▷	S^- a bhyām	▷	S^- a bhyām
G L		S^- n oḥ		S^- n oḥ		S^- n oḥ
N V/pl	■	S^- ān aḥ	■	S^- ān i	■	S^- ān aḥ
A		S^- n aḥ	■	S^- ān i		S^- n aḥ
I	▷	S^- a bhiḥ	▷	S^- a bhiḥ	▷	S^- a bhiḥ
D Ab	▷	S^- a bhyaḥ	▷	S^- a bhyaḥ	▷	S^- a bhyaḥ
G		S^- n ām		S^- n ām		S^- n ām
L	▷	S^- a su	▷	S^- a su	▷	S^- a su

Paradigms:

balin (adj)

‘powerful’

^AF = balin ^AE

^KF = bali ^KE

dhanin (adj)

‘rich’

^AF = dhanin ^AE

^KF = dhani ^KE

°in

m ∨ n:

^AF = S^-in ^AE

^KF = S^- i ^KE

F = S^- inī ^īE

Note:

m/N/sg: F = S^-ī

n/N A/sg: F = S^-i

n/V/sg: F = S^-i ∨ S ^-in

n/N A V/pl: F = S^-īni

°in
	m		n	f

N/sg	S^- ī		S^- i	S^- in ī
A	S^- in am		S^- i	S^- in īm
I	S^- in ā		S^- in ā	S^- in yā
D	S^- in e		S^- in e	S^- in yai
Ab	S^- in aḥ		S^- in aḥ	S^- in yāḥ
G	S^- in aḥ		S^- in aḥ	S^- in yāḥ
L	S^- in i		S^- in i	S^- in yām
V	S^- in	∨	S^- i ∨ S^- in	S^- in i
N A V/du	S^- in au		S^- in ī	S^- in yau
I D Ab	S^- i bhyām		S^- i bhyām	S^- in ībhyām
G L	S^- in oḥ		S^- in oḥ	S^- in yoḥ
N V/pl	S^- in aḥ		S^- īni	S^- in yaḥ
A	S^- in aḥ		S^- īni	S^- in īḥ
I	S^- i bhiḥ		S^- i bhiḥ	S^- in ībhiḥ
D Ab	S^- i bhyaḥ		S^- i bhyaḥ	S^- in ībhyaḥ
G	S^- in ām		S^- in ām	S^- in īnām
L	S^- i ṣu		S^- i ṣu	S^- in īṣu

Paradigms:

vidvāṃs (adj)

‘knowing’

^SS = vidvāṃs

^MS = vidvat

^WS = viduṣ

°vāṃs

(Possessive adj)

(Note: s is not a permitted final, but these words are quoted in this way anyway, the declined form never ends in a s, see Paradigms)

m/n:

^SS = S^- vāṃs

^MS = S^- vat

^WS = S^- uṣ

F = ^WS ī ^īE

Note:

^SS, m/N/sg:	S vāṃs > S vāns > S^- vān
^MS, m/V/sg:	S^- van

°vāṃs
		m		n	f

N/sg	■	S^- vān	▷	S^- vat	S^- uṣ ī
A	■	S^- vāṃs am	▷	S^- vat	S^- uṣ īm
I		S^- uṣ ā		S^- uṣ ā	S^- uṣ yā
D		S^- uṣ e		S^- uṣ e	S^- uṣ yai
Ab		S^- uṣ aḥ		S^- uṣ aḥ	S^- uṣ yāḥ
G		S^- uṣ aḥ		S^- uṣ aḥ	S^- uṣ yāḥ
L		S^- uṣ i		S^- uṣ i	S^- uṣ yām
V	▷	S^- van	▷	S^- vat	S^- uṣ i
N A V/du	■	S^- vāṃs au		S^- uṣ ī	S^- uṣ yau
I D Ab	▷	S^- vat bhyām	▷	S^- vat bhyām	S^- uṣ ībhyām
G L		S^- uṣ oḥ		S^- uṣ oḥ	S^- uṣ yoḥ
N V/pl	■	S^- vāṃs aḥ	■	S^- vāṃs i	S^- uṣ yaḥ
A		S^- uṣ aḥ	■	S^- vāṃs i	S^- uṣ īḥ
I	▷	S^- vat bhiḥ	▷	S^- vat bhiḥ	S^- uṣ ībhiḥ
D Ab	▷	S^- vat bhyaḥ	▷	S^- vat bhyaḥ	S^- uṣ ībhyaḥ
G		S^- uṣ ām		S^- uṣ ām	S^- uṣ īnām
L	▷	S^- vat su	▷	S^- vat su	S^- uṣ īṣu

Paradigms:

śreyāṃs (adj)

‘better’

^SS = śreyāṃs

^WS = śreyas

°yāṃs

(Used with comparatives)

(Note: s is not a permitted final, but these words are quoted in this way anyway, the declined form never ends in a s, see Paradigms)

m/n:

^SS = S^- yāṃs

^WS = S^- yas

F = ^WS ī ^īE

Note:

^SS, m/N/sg:	S yāṃs > S yāns > S^- yān
^MS, m/V/sg:	S^- yan

°yāṃs
		m		n	f

N/sg	■	S^- yān		S^- yas	S^- yas ī
A	■	S^- yāṃs am		S^- yas	S^- yas īm
I		S^- yas ā		S^- yas ā	S^- yas yā
D		S^- yas e		S^- yas e	S^- yas yai
Ab		S^- yas aḥ		S^- yas aḥ	S^- yas yāḥ
G		S^- yas aḥ		S^- yas aḥ	S^- yas yāḥ
L		S^- yas i		S^- yas i	S^- yas yām
V	▸	S^- yan		S^- yas	S^- yas i
N A V/du	■	S^- yāṃs au		S^- yas ī	S^- yas yau
I D Ab		S^- yas bhyām		S^- yas bhyām	S^- yas ībhyām
G L		S^- yas oḥ		S^- yas oḥ	S^- yas yoḥ
N V/pl	■	S^- yāṃs aḥ	■	S^- yāṃs i	S^- yas yaḥ
A		S^- yas aḥ	■	S^- yāṃs i	S^- yas īḥ
I		S^- yas bhiḥ		S^- yas bhiḥ	S^- yas ībhiḥ
D Ab		S^- yas bhyaḥ		S^- yas bhyaḥ	S^- yas ībhyaḥ
G		S^- yas ām		S^- yas ām	S^- yas īnām
L		S^- yas su		S^- yas su	S^- yas īṣu

Paradigms:

prāñc (adj)

‘eastern’

^SS = prāñc

^MS = prāk

^WS = prāc

pratyañc (adj)

‘western’

^SS = pratyañc

^MS = pratyak

^WS = pratīc

°āñc ∨ °yañc

(Adjectives)

m/n:

^SS = S^- āñc	^SS = S^- yañc
^MS = S^- āk	^MS = S^- yak
^WS = S^- āc	^WS = S^- īc

F = ^WS ī ^īE

Note:

°ñc > °ṅ

°āñc
		m		n	f

N/sg	■	S^- āṅ	▷	S^- āk	S^- āc ī
A	■	S^- āñc am	▷	S^- āk	S^- āc īm
I		S^- āc ā		S^- āc ā	S^- āc yā
D		S^- āc e		S^- āc e	S^- āc yai
Ab		S^- āc aḥ		S^- āc aḥ	S^- āc yāḥ
G		S^- āc aḥ		S^- āc aḥ	S^- āc yāḥ
L		S^- āc i		S^- āc i	S^- āc yām
V	■	S^- āṅ	▷	S^- āk	S^- āc i
N A V/du	■	S^- āñc au		S^- āc ī	S^- āc yau
I D Ab	▷	S^- āk bhyām	▷	S^- āk bhyām	S^- āc ībhyām
G L		S^- āc oḥ		S^- āc oḥ	S^- āc yoḥ
N V/pl	■	S^- āñc aḥ	■	S^- āñc i	S^- āc yaḥ
A		S^- āc aḥ	■	S^- āñc i	S^- āc īḥ
I	▷	S^- āk bhiḥ	▷	S^- āk bhiḥ	S^- āc ībhiḥ
D Ab	▷	S^- āk bhyaḥ	▷	S^- āk bhyaḥ	S^- āc ībhyaḥ
G		S^- āc ām		S^- āc ām	S^- āc īnām
L	▷	S^- āk su	▷	S^- āk su	S^- āc īṣu

°yañc
		m		n	f

N/sg	■	S^- yaṅ	▷	S^- yak	S^- īc ī
A	■	S^- yañc am	▷	S^- yak	S^- īc īm
I		S^- īc ā		S^- īc ā	S^- īc yā
D		S^- īc e		S^- īc e	S^- īc yai
Ab		S^- īc aḥ		S^- īc aḥ	S^- īc yāḥ
G		S^- īc aḥ		S^- īc aḥ	S^- īc yāḥ
L		S^- īc i		S^- īc i	S^- īc yām
V	■	S^- yaṅ	▷	S^- yak	S^- īc i
N A V/du	■	S^- yañc au		S^- īc ī	S^- īc yau
I D Ab	▷	S^- yak bhyām	▷	S^- yak bhyām	S^- īc ībhyām
G L		S^- īc oḥ		S^- īc oḥ	S^- īc yoḥ
N V/pl	■	S^- yañc aḥ	■	S^- yañc i	S^- īc yaḥ
A		S^- īc aḥ	■	S^- yañc i	S^- īc īḥ
I	▷	S^- yak bhiḥ	▷	S^- yak bhiḥ	S^- īc ībhiḥ
D Ab	▷	S^- yak bhyaḥ	▷	S^- yak bhyaḥ	S^- īc ībhyaḥ
G		S^- īc ām		S^- īc ām	S^- īc īnām
L	▷	S^- yak su	▷	S^- yak su	S^- īc īṣu

Consonantal Declination (KDc)

- Overview -

- unchangable stems -

S = √ etc

°as ∨ °is ∨ °us

°r

- changable stems -

°ant

°mant ∨ °vant

°an ∨ °man ∨ °van

°in

°vāṃs

°yāṃs

°āñc ∨ °yañc

Consonantal Declination (^KDc)