Aorist (Ao)

- overview -

Ao i formed as:

a ^AoS^- ^AoE

(1)

where ^AoS = a ^AoS^- are classified in 7 conjugations:

	¹	²	³	⁴	⁵	⁶	⁷
	√	Th	R	-s-	-iṣ-	-siṣ-	-sa-
^PS	a √	a √ a	a ^R:Ao√^W√	a ^V√ s	a ^V*√ iṣ	a ^G√ siṣ	a √ sa
^ĀS	"	"	"	a ^G*√ s	a ^G√ iṣ	"	"

^AoE almost equal ^Impf/IE:

1/sg/P	°(a)m
2	°(a)ḥ ∨ °īḥ
3	°(a)t ∨ °īt
1/du	°(a)va
2	°(a)tam
3	°(a)tāṃ
1/pl	°(a)ma
2	°(a)ta
3	°uḥ ∨ °(a)n
1/sg/Ā	°e ∨ °i
2	°(a)thāḥ
3	°(a)ta
1/du	°(a)vahi
2	°ethām ∨ °āthām
3	°etām ∨ °āthām
1/pl	°(a)mahi
2	°(a)dhvam ∨ °ḍhvam
3	°(a)nta ∨ °ata

There also exist an Opt of Ao called Precative (Prec) and an Injunctive (Inj) used for prohibitions.

Paradigms:

dā

‘give’

S = adā

bhū

‘become’

S = abhū

1) √-Ao

(Formed only from some roots in –ā, δ and from bhū)

^AoS = a √	(2)
except ^Ao/3/pl/PS = a ¹K	(3)
^AoE defined in the Paradigm	(4)

Note:

bhū : bhūv before ^AE; ^3/pl/PE = an	(5)
Ā seldom found in CS	(6)

Paradigm:

sic

‘sprinkle’

S = asica

2) Th Ao

^AoS = a √ a	(7)
^AoE = ^Impf/IE	(8)

Note:

krudh ‘be angry’ 3/sg/P: akrudhat	(9)
dṛś ‘see’ 3/sg/P: adarśat	(10)
gam ‘go’ 3/sg/P: agamat	(11)

Paradigm:

jan

‘give birth’

S = ajījan

3) ^RAo

^AoS = a ^Ao:R√^W√	(12)
^AoE = ^Impf/IE	(13)
except ^3/pl/PE = uḥ	(14)

If the root is a heavy syllable the vowel in ^W√ will be short and:

√ = ¹K i ∨ u

^RS = ^Ao:R√ ¹K iy ∨ uv

(15)

Note:

pat ‘fall’	apaptat	(16)
dru ‘run’	adudruvat	(17)
vac ‘speak’	avocat	(18)
naś ‘pass away’	aneśat	(19)

X is formed as in C

Paradigms:

‘conquer’

^PS = ajaiṣ

^ĀS = ajeṣ

tud

‘push’

^PS = atauts

^ĀS = atuts

4) -s-Ao

(The usual Ao of the aniṭ-roots)

^Ao/PS = a^V√ s	(20)
^Ao/ĀS = a^G*√ s	(21)
^AoE defined in the Paradigm	(22)

*G when √ = [¹K] ī̆ ∨ ū̆, otherwise unchanged root.

Note:

only √ = °ā ∨ °δ which form the Ao/Ā according to this form change ā > i.	(23)
-s- is lost before E beginning with ^[H]t after ^¬N/rK.	(24)

Paradigm:

lū

‘cut off’

^PS = alāviṣ

^ĀS = alaviṣ

5) -iṣ-Ao

(The usual Ao of the seṭ-roots)

^Ao/PS = a^V*√ iṣ	(25)
^Ao/ĀS = a^G√ iṣ	(26)
^AoE = defined in the Paradigm	(27)

*V when √ = [¹K] A, otherwise G

Paradigms:

yā

‘go’

S = ayāsiṣ

nam

‘bend’

S = anaṃsiṣ

6) -siṣ-Ao

(Used with some roots in ā, δ and am )

^AoS = a^G√ siṣ	(28)
^AoE = defined in the Paradigm	(29)

Note:

In Ā these √ have the iṣ-Ao

(30)

Paradigm:

diś

‘show, give’

S = adikṣ

7) -sa-Ao

(Used with √ having: ^√A = ¬ā̆ and ²K = ś ∨ ṣ ∨ ḥ )

^AoS = a √ sa		(31)
^AoE = ^Impf/IE except		(32)
	^1/sg/ĀE = i,	(33)
	^2/du/ĀE = āthām	(34)
	^3/du/ĀE = ātām.	(35)

Ps

There is a Ps /Ind/3/sg of the Ao:

√ = [¹K]A²K:	^Ao:PsS = a ^G√ i	(12)
√ = [¹K]A:	^Ao:PsS = a ^V√ i	(13)

(3/sg are the only forms found of the Ao/Ps.)

dṛṣ ‘see’	adarśi ‘was seen’
budh ‘awaken’	abodhi ‘was awakened’
jan ‘be born’	ajani ‘was born’
kṛ ‘make’	akāri ‘was done’

Paradigm:

bhū

‘become, be’

^PS = bhūyās

^ĀS = bhaviṣī

Precative (Prec)

^Prc/PS = √+yās	(36)
^Prc/ĀS = ^G√ +[i]ṣ ī	(s37)
^PrcE = ^ATh/OptE	(38)

(Ā: comp. s-Ao and iṣ-Ao)

Thus:

1/sg/P	√ yās am
2	√ yāḥ
3	√ yāt
1/du	√ yās va
2	√ yās tam
3	√ yās tāṃ
1/pl	√ yās ma
2	√ yās ta
3	√ yās uḥ
1/sg/Ā	^G√ [i]ṣ īya
2	^G√ [i]ṣ īṣṭhāḥ
3	^G√ [i]ṣ īṣṭa
1/du	^G√ [i]ṣ īvahi
2	^G√ [i]ṣ īyāsthām
3	^G√ [i]ṣ īyāstām
1/pl	^G√ [i]ṣ īmahi
2	^G√ [i]ṣ īḍhvam
3	^G√ [i]ṣ īran

Injunctive (Inj)

Inj are augmentless aoristforms used with the prohibitive particle mā ‘not’:

mā gāḥ	‘do not go’
mā bhaiṣīḥ	‘do not fear’
mā bhaiḥ	‘do not fear’
mā kārṣīḥ	‘do not make’
mā kṛthāḥ	‘do not make’

Aorist (Ao)

- overview -

1) √-Ao

2) Th Ao

3) RAo

4) -s-Ao

5) -iṣ-Ao

6) -siṣ-Ao

7) -sa-Ao

Ps

Precative (Prec)

Injunctive (Inj)

3) ^RAo