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Verbal Roots

‘Things to do in ancient India.’

The words in Sanskrit, as in the other languages related with it, are in great part analysable into verbal roots, suffixes of derivation, and endings of inflection, these last being added mostly to stems containing suffixes, but also sometimes directly to roots. Sanskrit possesses an exceptionally analysable character; its formative processes are more regular and transparent than those of any other Indo-European language. The prevailing method when describing Sanskrit, is to set up a certain body of verbal roots (described here with main formations and meanings), and to show the processes by which these may be made stems (see Declinable Stems, Conjugable Stems and Verbal Nouns) and words, giving the various added elements (see Declination and Conjugation), and laying down the rules by which their combination is effected (cf. Sandhi).

The information here is reformated versions of:

Whitney, William Dwight

Cappeller, Carl Online

a

√ aṃh √ 1 akṣ √ 2 akṣ √ aṅg √ ac, añc √ aj √ añj √ aṭ √ aṇṭh √ at √ ad √ an √ am √ ay √ arc, ṛc √ arj √ art √ arh √ av √ 1 aś, aṃś √ 2 aś √ 1 as √ 2 as √ ah

ā

√ āñch √ āp √ ār √ ās

i

√ 1 i, ī, ay √ 2 i, inv, in √ iṅg √ ich √ iṭ √ iḍ √ idh, indh √ in, inv √ inakṣ √ iyakṣ √ irajy √ iradh √ il √ 1 iṣ, ich √ 2 iṣ

ī

√ ī √ īkṣ √ īṅkh √ īj √ īḍ √ īr √ īrṣy √ īś √ īṣ, eṣ √ īh

u

√ u √ 1 ukṣ √ 2 ukṣ, vakṣ √ uc √ uch √ ujh √ uñch √ ud, und √ ubj √ ubh, umbh √ 1 uṣ √ 2 uṣ

ū

√ 1 ūrṇu √ 1 ūh √ 2 ūh

ṛ

√ ṛ, ṛch √ ṛc √ ṛj, ṛñj, arj √ 2 ṛj √ ṛt, art √ ṛd, ard √ ṛdh √ ṛś ( ?) √ ṛṣ

e

√ ej, īj √ edh

k

√ katth √ kath √ kad √ kan, kā √ kam √ kamp √ kal √ kaṣ √ kas √ kā √ kāṅkṣ √ kāś √ kās √ ku √ kuc, kuñc √ kuñj √ kuṭṭ √ kuṇṭh √ kuth √ kup √ kuṣ √ kū √ kūj √ kūḍ, kūl √ kūṇ √ kūrd √ 1 kṛ (skṛ) √ 2 kṛ, kir √ 3 kṛ √ 1 kṛt √ 2 kṛt √ kṛp √ kṛś √ kṛṣ √ kḷp √ knū √ krakṣ √ krath √ krand, kland √ kram √ krī √ krīḍ √ kru √ krudh √ kruś √ krūḍ √ klath √ kland √ klam √ klav √ klid √ kliś √ kvaṇ √ kvath √ kṣad √ kṣan √ kṣap √ kṣam √ kṣar √ kṣal √ kṣā √ 1 kṣi √ 2 kṣi, kṣī √ kṣip √ kṣu √ kṣud √ kṣudh √ kṣup √ kṣubh √ kṣṇu √ kṣmā √ kṣviḍ √ kṣvid √ kṣvel

kh

√ khac √ khañj √ khad √ khan, khā √ kharj √ khall √ khā √ khād √ khid √ khud √ khel √ khyā

g

√ gach √ gad √ gadh √ gabh √ gam, gach √ garj √ gard √ garh √ gal √ galbh √ 1 gā √ 2 gā √ gāh √ gir, gil √ gu √ guñj √ guṇṭh √ gup √ guph, gumph √ gur √ gulph √ guh √ gūrd √ gūrdh √ 1 gṛ √ 2 gṛ, gir, gil √ 3 gṛ, jāgṛ √ gṛdh √ gai √ grath, granth √ grabh, grah √ gras √ glap √ glah √ glā

gh

√ ghaṭ √ ghaṭṭ √ ghar √ ghas √ ghuṭ √ ghuṣ √ ghūrṇ √ ghṛ, ghar √ ghṛṣ √ ghrā

c

√ cak √ cakās √ cakṣ √ cañc √ caṭ √ cat √ can √ cand √ cam √ car √ carc √ carv √ cal √ cāy √ 1 ci √ 2 ci √ cit √ cint √ cud √ cup √ cumb √ cur √ culump √ cūṣ √ cṛt √ ceṣṭ √ cyu √ cyut

ch

√ chad √ chand, chad √ chā √ chid √ chuṭ, chuḍ √ chur √ chṛd

j

√ 1 jakṣ √ 2 jakṣ √ jagh √ jan, jā √ jap √ jam √ jambh, jabh √ jar √ jalp √ jas √ jah √ jā √ 1 ji √ 2 ji, jinv √ jīv √ jur √ juṣ √ jū √ jūrv √ 1 jṛ, jur √ 2 jṛ √ jṛmbh √ jeh √ jñā √ jyā, jī √ jyut √ jri √ jvar √ jval

jh

√ jhaṭ √ jhaṇ √ jhar

ṭ

√ ṭaṅk √ ṭal √ ṭīk √ ṭup

ḍ

√ ḍam √ ḍamb √ ḍī √ ḍval

ḍh

√ ḍhauk

t

√ taṃs, tas √ tak √ takṣ √ tañc, tac √ taṭ √ taḍ √ 1 tan, tā √ 2 tan √ tand √ tap √ tam √ tark √ tarj √ tas √ tā √ tāy √ tāv √ ti √ tij √ tim √ tir √ til √ tu √ tuc √ tuj √ tud √ tur √ turv, tūrv √ tul √ tuś √ tuṣ √ tūrv √ tṛ, tir, tur √ tṛd √ tṛp √ tṛṣ √ tṛh √ tyaj √ trap √ tras √ trā √ truṭ √ tvakṣ √ tvaṅg √ tvac √ tvar √ tviṣ √ tsar

d

√ daṃś, daś √ daṃs √ dakṣ √ dagh √ dad √ dadh √ dan √ dabh, dambh √ dam √ day √ daridrā √ dal √ das, dās √ dah √ 1 dā, dad √ 2 dā √ 3 dā, di √ 4 dā √ dāś √ dās √ div √ diś √ dih √ 1 dī √ 2 dī, dīdī √ dīkṣ √ dīdhī √ dīp √ dīv √ 2 dīv (dev) √ du, dū √ dudh √ dul √ duṣ √ duh √ dū √ 1 dṛ √ 2 dṛ √ dṛp √ dṛbh √ dṛś √ dṛh, dṛṃh √ dev √ dyu √ dyut √ dram √ 1 drā √ 2 drā √ drāḍ √ dru √ druh √ drū √ dvar ? √ dviṣ

dh

√ dhan √ dhanv √ dham, dhmā √ dhav √ 1 dhā, dadh √ 2 dhā √ 1 dhāv √ 2 dhāv √ dhi, dhinv √ dhī, dīdhī √ dhukṣ √ dhū, dhu √ dhūrv √ dhṛ √ dhṛṣ √ dhmā √ dhyā √ dhraj, dhrāj √ dhvaṃs, dhvas √ dhvan √ dhvṛ, dhur, dhru

n

√ naṃś √ nakṣ √ naṭ √ nad √ nand √ nabh √ nam √ nard √ 1 naś √ 2 naś, naṃś √ nas √ nah √ nāth, nādh √ niṃs √ nikṣ √ nij √ nind, nid √ nī √ nīḍ √ 1 nu, nū √ 2 nu √ nud √ nṛ √ nṛt √ ned

p

√ pac √ paj √ paṭ √ paṭh √ paṇ √ 1 pat √ 2 pat √ path √ pad √ pan √ pard √ 1 paś, spaś √ 2 paś √ 1 pā √ 2 pā √ 3 pā √ pāy √ pi, pī √ pinv √ pibd √ piś √ piṣ √ pis √ 1 pī √ 2 pī √ pīḍ √ pīy √ puṭ √ puth √ puṣ √ pū √ pūj √ pūy √ pūr √ 1 pṛ, pṛṇ, pūr √ 2 pṛ √ 3 pṛ √ pṛc √ pṛṇ √ pṛt √ pṛś, pṛṣ ( ?) √ pyā √ prach √ prath √ prā √ prī √ pru √ pruth √ pruṣ √ plī ( ?) √ plu √ pluṣ √ psā

ph

√ phakk √ phaṇ √ phar √ 1 phal √ 2 phal

b

√ baṃh √ bandh √ bal √ bādh √ budh √ bul √ bṛṃh, vṛṃh √ 1 bṛh √ 2 bṛh, vṛh √ brū √ blī

bh

√ bhakṣ √ bhaj √ bhañj √ bhaṭ √ bhaṇ √ bhan √ bhand √ bharts √ bharv √ bhal √ bhaṣ √ bhas √ bhā √ bhām √ bhāṣ √ bhās √ bhikṣ √ bhid √ bhiṣaj √ bhī, bhīṣ √ 1 bhuj √ 2 bhuj √ bhur √ bhuraj √ bhū √ bhūṣ √ bhṛ √ bhṛjj √ bhyas √ bhraṃś, bhraś √ bhram √ bhrāj √ bhrī √ bhreṣ

m

√ maṃh, mah √ majj √ mañc √ maṇ √ maṇṭ, ? √ maṇḍ √ math, manth √ mad, mand √ man √ mah √ 1 mā √ 2 mā √ 3 mā √ mārg 1 mi √ 2 mi √ mikṣ (miś) √ migh √ mith √ mid, mind √ mil √ miṣ √ mih √ mī, mi √ mīl √ mīv, mū √ muc, mokṣ √ muṭ √ mud √ muṣ √ muh √ mū √ mūrch, mūr √ 1 mṛ √ 2 mṛ, mṛṇ √ mṛkṣ √ mṛc √ mṛch √ mṛj √ mṛḍ √ mṛṇ √ mṛd, mrad √ mṛdh √ mṛś √ mṛṣ √ med [mid] √ modṣ √ mnā √ myakṣ √ mrad √ mrit, mlit √ mruc, mluc, mlup √ mreḍ √ mlā √ mluc √ mlup √ mlech

y

√ yakṣ √ yach √ yaj √ yat √ yabh √ yam, yach √ yas, yeṣ √ yah √ yā √ yāc √ yād √ 1 yu √ 2 yu, yuch √ yuj √ yudh √ yup √ yeṣ

r

√ raṃh √ rakṣ √ raṅg √ rac √ 1 raj √ 2 raj, rañj √ rañch √ raṭ √ raṇv √ rad √ radh, randh √ 1 ran √ 2 ran √ rap √ rapś √ raph √ rabh, rambh √ ram √ ramb √ rambh √ raś √ ras √ rah √ 1 rā, rās √ 2 rā √ rāj √ rādh √ 1 rās √ 2 rās √ ri, rī √ rikh √ riñkh, riñg √ ric √ rip √ riph √ ribh √ riś √ riṣ √ rih √ rī √ 1 ru √ 2 ru √ ruc √ ruj √ ruṭh √ rud √ 1 rudh √ 2 rudh √ rup √ ruṣ √ ruh √ rūṣ √ rej √ reḍ √ rebh

l

√ lakṣ √ lag √ laṅgh √ lajj √ laḍ √ lap √ labh √ lam √ lamb √ lal √ laṣ √ las √ lā √ lāñch √ likh √ lip, limp √ liś √ lih √ 1 lī √ 2 lī √ luñc √ 1 luṭh √ 2 luṭh, luṇṭh √ luḍ √ lup √ lubh √ lul √ lū √ lok √ loc

v

√ vak √ vakṣ, ukṣ √ vac √ vaj √ vañc √ vaṇṭ √ vat √ vad √ vadh, badh √ van, vā √ vand √ 1 vap √ 2 vap √ vam √ val √ valg √ valh √ vaś √ 1 vas, uṣ, uch √ 2 vas √ 3 vas √ vah √ 1 vā √ 2 vā, vi, u √ 3 vā (in vivāsa-) √ vāñch √ vāś √ vāh √ 1 vic √ 2 vic √ vij √ 1 vid √ 2 vid √ 1 vidh √ 2 vidh √ vindh √ vip, vep √ viś √ viṣ √ viṣṭ, veṣṭ √ vī √ vīj, vyaj √ vīḍ √ 1 vṛ √ 2 vṛ √ vṛṃh, bṛṃh √ vṛj √ vṛt √ vṛdh √ vṛṣ √ vṛh, bṛh √ ven √ vell √ veṣṭ √ vyac, vic √ vyaj √ vyath √ vyadh, vidh √ vyay √ vyā, vī √ vraj √ vrad, vrand √ vran √ vraśc √ vrādh √ vrīḍ √ vruḍ √ vlag, vlaṅg √ vlī, blī

ś

√ śaṃs √ śak √ śaṅk √ śat √ 1 śad √ 2 śad √ śap √ 1 śam, śim √ 2 śam √ 3 śam √ śal √ śaś √ śas, śās √ śā, śi √ 1 śās, śiṣ √ 2 śās √ śikṣ √ śiṅgh √ śiñj √ śip √ śim √ śiṣ √ 1 śī √ 2 śī √ śuc √ śuj √ śudh, śundh √ śubh, śumbh √ 1 śuṣ √ 2 śuṣ √ śū, śvā, śvi √ 1 śṛ √ 2 śṛ √ 3 śṛ √ śṛdh √ ścand, cand √ ścam √ ścut √ śnath √ śyā, śī √ śrath, ślath √ śran √ śram √ śrambh √ śrā, 2 śrī, 2 śṛ √ śri, 3 śṛ √ śriṣ √ 1 śrī, śṛ √ 2 śrī √ śru √ śruṣ √ ślath √ ślā √ ślāgh √ śliṣ, śriṣ √ śvañc √ śvas, śuṣ √ śvā, śvi √ śvit

ṣ

√ ṣṭhīv √ sakṣ

s

√ sagh √ sac √ saj, sañj √ sad √ san, 2 sā √ sap √ sarj √ saśc √ sas √ sah √ 1 sā, si √ 2 sā √ sādh, sadh √ si √ sic √ 1 sidh √ 2 sidh √ sī √ sīv, syū √ su √ sul ( ?) √ subh, sumbh √ sū, su √ sūd √ sūrkṣ √ sṛ √ sṛk √ sṛj √ sṛp √ sev √ skand √ skambh, skabh √ sku √ skṛ √ skhal √ stan √ stambh, stabh √ stā √ stigh √ stim, stīm √ 1 stu √ 2 stu √ stubh √ stṛ √ stṛh √ styā, stī √ sthag √ sthā √ snā √ snih √ snu √ spand √ spaś √ spūrdh √ spṛ √ spṛdh, spūrdh √ spṛś √ spṛh √ sphaṭ √ sphar √ sphal √ sphā √ sphuṭ √ sphur, sphul √ sphūrj √ sphṛ, sphar, sphur, sphul √ smi √ smṛ √ syand, syad √ sraṃs, sras √ sridh √ srīv √ sru √ svaj, svañj √ svad, svād √ svan √ svap √ svar √ svād √ svid

h

√ had √ han √ har √ has √ 1 hā √ 2 hā √ hās √ hi √ hiṃs √ hikk √ hiṇḍ √ hīḍ, hel √ hu √ hur √ hū, hvā √ hūrch √ 1 hṛ √ 2 hṛ √ hṛṣ √ heṭh √ heḍ, hel √ heṣ √ hnu √ hras √ hrād √ hrī √ hru √ hreṣ √ hlād √ hval √ hvṛ, hru, hur

Copyright © 2005 Lennart Warnemyr